Reader Response Theory Essay

Literary criticism is not an abstract, intellectual exercise; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism is nothing more than discourse—spoken or written—about literature. Reader-response criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a work of fiction. This type of literary criticism recognizes that like writing, reading is a creative process. Reader-response critics believe that no text provides self-contained meaning; literary texts do not have meaning independently from readers’ interpretations. According to this school, a text is not complete until it is read and interpreted. The easiest way to explain reader-response criticism is to relate it to the common experience of re-reading a favorite book after many years. A book one read as a child might seem shockingly different when re-read as an adolescent or as an adult. The character once remembered favorably might seem less admirable while another character becomes more sympathetic. The book has not changed. However, our life experiences between the first reading and any subsequent re-reading can affect the way we respond to a story. Reader-response criticism explores how different individuals see the same text differently. It emphasizes how religious, cultural, and social values affect the way we read and respond to a work of fiction. Of course, no two individuals will necessarily read a text in exactly the same way nor will they agree on its meaning. Rather than declare one interpretation correct and the other mistaken, reader-response criticism recognizes that different insights are inevitable. Instead of trying to ignore or reconcile the contradictions, it explores them. Reader-response criticism also overlaps with gender criticism in exploring how men and women read the same text with different assumptions. While reader-response criticism rejects the notion that there can be a single correct reading for a literary text, it doesn’t consider all readings permissible. Each text creates limits to its possible interpretations. We cannot suddenly change the setting, the way a story’s plot unfolds, or redefine its characters. Keeping a reader’s journal is a great way to keep track of the fiction you read and your emotional responses to the stories. You can use the journal to explore ideas for essays, note important quotations, and list words to look up in the dictionary. Use your reader’s journal while studying Sun, Stone, and Shadows to provide a convenient way of documenting your own response to the stories you read in the anthology. Excerpted from The Longman Anthology of Short Fiction by Dana Gioia and R. S. Gwynn, eds.

Is digital evidence collected from a volatile source as valid as that Research Paper

Is digital evidence collected from a volatile source as valid as that collected from a static source - Research Paper Example Evidence sources in the recent times has shifted from static source as one of the initial steps in evidence collection to adoption of digital source which is quickly driven by the ever changing dynamic computing environment. Evidence from volatile source can be referred to as data that provides a linkage that is significant between the victim and the perpetrator (Wang 2007). It can be gathered from anything that is criminally related such as such as theft of trade secrets, destruction of intellectual property and fraud to the usage of computer. Static source can be referred to as data preserved when the computer is turned off conserved on a computer hard drive or another medium as opposed to volatile source whose storage is in memory and gets lost when the computer is turned off. Introduction There are various ways of collecting digital evidence from the scene of crime. The most prevalent techniques are collecting digital evidence form volatile sources and collecting from static sour ce. Data from volatile source might have key evidence. It is therefore vital that at the scene of crime, the computer remains on. Tools for data collection range from various software such as data recovery, file examination, internet protocol tracking, decryption, authentication and most notably backup. Other notable tools are needed when obtaining data such as hardware imaging tool where bit by bit of data is copied using a method known as a bit stream copy. Data backups are always considered first with a principal objective of retaining the original evidence. Scope Casey (2000) lays out the physical characteristics of digital source where he asserts that it cannot be kept in its original state easily since the computer system records data in binary form that is 0 and 1 where the copied data has user modifications making it difficult to recollect volatile source in its original status. Volatile source can easily be produced hence prone for it being modified or copied raising doubts on its source and integrity. The negative impact posed is the difficulty to deduce directly the relationship between evidence obtained and the suspects as posed to the highly efficient methods such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or fingerprints that is used for evidence authentication. A computer uses random access memory (RAM) to store volatile data by way of writing current processes in the form of a virtual clipboard for process usage and immediate reference. The information that may be of interest to the investigator include running processes, console executed commands, clear text passwords, unencrypted data, instant messages and the internet protocol addresses. There can be a scenario where an examination of a running system is required involving a computer during investigation. These can be enhanced using home networking technology which allows an investigator to have a small network to facilitate any investigative situation involving a computer. Volatile source data preserva tion and forensic examination analysis will surely be the way forward for many years to come for digital evidence collection. Investigators ability to collect crucial evidence at the crime of scene ought to be critical most importantly when they are provided crime scene collection skills so as to deal with the challenges and workload brought about by

Achondroplasia Dwarfism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Achondroplasia Dwarfism - Research Paper Example The DNA segments carried on the chromosomes are known as genes that codes for proteins to help build and maintain the cells and pass on the traits or characteristics like eye color, height etc. to future generations. (Louis E. Bartoshesky, Teens Health, April 2009). DNA comprises of four chemicals adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T) that combine to form proteins that in turn help the body to develop and grow. Diseases that arise due to the change in the genetic material of an individual are known as genetic disorders. Some genetic disorders can be harmless while other can be more serious. These disorders are of four types that can be passed on from ancestors while other may be caused due to environmental or chemical factors (Robin Doak, 2). These genetic disorders are of four types: 1. Single – gene / Mendelian / Monogenic is the mutation or change that occurs in single gene of DNA sequence. Mutation in a single gene stops its normal functioning thus causing disorder. There are more than 5000 types of single gene disorders. There are different types of single gene disorders (Robin L. Bennett, 23): Autosomal dominant where only one abnormal from one parent is enough to cause the disorder. Autosomal recessive where two mutated genes are required to cause the disorder. X-linked dominant and recessive caused by mutation of X chromosomes. Y-linked caused by mutation of Y chromosome... Dwarfism is a skeletal deformity usually inherited resulting in short stature of adults that is caused due to genetic or medical disorders where the average height of an adult is 4 feet 10 inches (William A. Petit, Christine A. Adamec, 69). There are almost 200 different types of dwarfism that are categorized into two forms: Proportionate form of dwarfism has overall small structure. Primordial dwarfism, Seckel syndrome etc. Disproportionate form of dwarfism has one or more body parts large or small than average size adult. Achondroplasia also known as ACH, Chondrodystrophia fetalis, Chondrodystrophy syndrome, Congenital osteosclerosis, Dwarf achondroplastic or Osteosclerosis congenital is the most common disproportionate form of dwarfism where converting the cartilage into bone (ossification) is affected. It comprises of almost 50 percent of all cases of dwarfism. It is a hereditary autosomal dominant disorder affecting the cartilage and bone growth (Joseph Anthony Joyce). There are 1 in 15,000 to 25,000 birth chances to be affected with this disorder worldwide. Dr. Johm Wasmuth along with his group of scientists found in 1994 that mutation of fibroblast growth factor receptor -3 (FGFR3) genes of human chromosome 4 cause achondroplasia (Who discovered it Website). The signs and symptoms of achondroplasia are: Large head with prominent forehead and Arms and legs are shorter compared to the trunk. Space between ring and middle fingers with abnormal appearance. Lesser elbow movement Bowing legs (genu varum) Muscle tone decrease Achondroplasia can be detected by prenatal ultrasound showing excessive amniotic fluid along with a DNA test to detect homozygosity (two copies of mutated genes are inherited which is fatal). Common medical

Michelangelo's Statue of David Personal Statement

Michelangelo's Statue of David - Personal Statement Example There was not enough physical power in the city and the citizens were hoping for a power of their minds only. Cunningness and cleverness were two basic means for Firenze citizens to gain power over their enemies. Michelangelo dared to depict a mental power of citizens and to show that a beautiful body can have a cunning mind, which can gain victory over more powerful enemies. The superior enemies could have been fought only through some unusual strategies. Michelangelo’s David was identified with strength and anger. It was unusual for time of the artist to show the dominance of the nation through numerous political connotations, which were evident in the statue. Actually, the main intention of the artist was to create a symbol of power and strength of the citizens. The project of this statue was initiated long ago and Michelangelo implemented his ideas in already existent statue. Numerous artists worked at it. Donatello and Agostino di Duccio were the first ones to work at the statue. di Duccio was responsible for creation of the legs of the statue. Antonio Rossellino continued his ideas, but a final masterpiece was finished and polished by Michelangelo (Lieberman 2001, p. 67). A body of a young man is preparing for the battle with Goliath and it can be seen in his brave appearance. A spirit of intensity can be seen in bulging veins on a hand and his leaning body. It looks like David gets prepared for a serious and a decisive action. There are certain features, which were appropriate for the epoch of Michelangelo. Thus, a position of the contrapposto was relevant to the High Renaissance. He leans on his right leg and hi left leg is relaxed. We can see that a left arm is in motion and his right hand hangs along his body. It is very natural of a person, who is ready for action and is thinking about his further actions. For the contemporaries it is unusual to find that David was on alert and made attempt to attack his enemies. They are more focused on his s erenity and beauty of body lines. What is weird about this statue is that David has unrealistic proportions. The lower parts of the body are smaller than a head and the upper part of the body. Hands of David seem to be very large too. Initially, there was an intention to place this statue high on a church and then parts of the body would have looked accurate. The real king David was circumcised, but the statue is not. This triggers other controversies. Unfortunately, in the modern times a statue was attacked by the vandals and in 1991 some toes of the left foot were damaged. A power of beauty is combined in the works by Michelangelo with a power of expressivity, feelings and a proper balancing (Condivi 1999, p. 57). These features are beyond traditions of Greek classicism. The facial expression was unusual for Greek sculpture and a power of David is found in his restrain and inner ability of self- and energy control. His power is in his serenity. He looks calm and his eyes are fixed on his enemy, but he is not scared at all. The muscles of the forehead reflect his inner emotional tension (Olson 1992, p. 65). We can suppose that he feels anger and frustration. Michelangelo invented a central axis positioning of the statue. For example, the right side reflects serenity, while the left side reflects dynamism and activity. The viewers cannot see both David’s eyes. His right eye is focused on Goliath and the left eye stays fixed. Michelangelo played with different artistic

BMW Group Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BMW Group - Case Study Example The limited profits earned by the company were due to the "model life-cycle factors" which significantly enhanced the car sales volumes. During this period, the BMW group sold less than 350,000 automobile units, which includes BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce. The figure of the units sold was less than 5percent against the units sold in the previous year. During the contemporary year, more than 1,200,000 units were sold in the market which is approximately 2percent greater than previous year's figure. The financial performance of the group is severely restricted by the "market conditions for the motorcycle business"; the conditions are regarded as severe and crucial for the market. The sales of the motorcycles produced by BMW have shown similar trend, during the third quarter of the running year the sales volume is almost equivalent to the sales of the previous year. The units of motorcycles sold in the market were less than 3percent of the figures sold in the previous year. The financial c risis has been responsible for the negative impact of the BMW group. In the wake of international economic crisis, the customers have practiced reluctance in procurement of the automobiles unit, "the third-quarter revenues reported by the company, decreased by 8.6 % to euro 12,588 million". During the running economic recession, the company was able to collect revenues of euro 40,425 million, which was highest than the figures of than the figures of the previous year. The variation in the foreign exchange rates was also responsible for the improvement in the revenue generation, "the BMW Group revenues for the nine-month period were up by 5.1percent". The BMW group was controlled its expenses, and residual expenses have been eliminated, "the company increased the cumulative amount of expense recognised for additional risk provision for residual value and bad debt risks to a total of euro 1,037 million". The brief financial outlook for the BMW group for the third quarter of the runnin g year is reduction in the earnings by euro 258 million, profit dropped by 60percent to euro 387 million. The pre-tax earnings of the BMW group were truncated by the external factors, "pre-tax profit stood at euro 279 million for the third quarter, the amount is 63percent lower than one year earlier, while that for the nine-month period fell to euro 1,522 million" (Citigroup, 2008). The net profit earned by the company stood at euro 298 million for the third quarter. The running economic recession has severely dampened the financial outlook of the company for the years to come (Bilgen, 2004). The business conditions are not encouraging, the market is volatile, and this has "deteriorated further for the BMW Group over the past months". The financial crisis has escalated, and there is strong possibility of this recession will cause "noticeable reduction in consumer spending in numerous markets" (Citigroup, 2008). The BMW group is yet to experience the environmental challenges; the growing understanding of the consumers about green house gases emission has developed reluctance among the customer to acquire goods which shall be detrimental for the environment. The BMW group is trapped by "significant level of volatility on the financial and commodity markets, this poses the risk of even greater uncertainty". The purchasing power of the consumer has depleted, "private consumption and consumer confidence have dipped perceptibly, particularly in the USA and Europe".

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Analysis paper - Essay Example reations inspired by phenomenal aspects related to human emotions and cognition to serve its function, and developed from one or multiple of art elements. Production of art utilises different components. Artists produce different effects using elements such as colour, textures, shapes, lines, dimension and space. The ability to use lines of diverse lengths and thicknesses and taking a particular direction tend to signal an action that perhaps other elements cannot produce. Colour has got critical purpose in producing effects whether used alone or in structures produced using other elements as shapes. It benefits the art through the hue, its intensity in brightness or dullness and value in terms of lightness or darkness. By joining lines together, flat shapes, either geometric or irregular forms can be created to express drawings. Art can arise from use of 3-dimentional objects that allow the artists to control their appearance. Such structures are expressed through length, width and height. Texture gives the feel of an art (e.g. rough or smooth) and allows viewers to relate with it as they do in reality. Art can also be produced under the illusion of space. Art productions grow with time and are inspired by certain happenings in particular moments. Some art pieces were created several centuries ago, but have been recreated severally which all show certain divergence in appearance, finishing and aesthetic quality. Art has proved not to be limited by time. Hence an art piece can best be described in the time it was developed. It has transformed from the stone-age art when expressions were mere carvings and sculpts on the walls and stones. Then came the clay works, but today they have expanded to the computer aided graphics. It’s not merely about a tangible piece, but more of feel as in choreography and music. Art has come to encompass great dynamism and complexities through use of advanced technology to incorporate motions and different visual impressions that

Public Finance as the Collection of Funds Assignment

Public Finance as the Collection of Funds - Assignment Example The Public Finance and Trade Program at United Nations for Training and Research provide online education that covers important issues that are developing currently. These issues cover key areas of public financial management and intellectual property. This program focuses on expanding and enriching the government and private companies, specifically enriching the intellectual know-how of interested individuals. The program is done through e-learning, thus making learning much easier and convenient. This program only requires the student to have a computer with internet access, to be allowed to attend the virtual classes  (Ware, 2014). Thus, the e-learning courses allow participants get educated at the comfort of their computers and around their schedule. In addition to this, they achieve high-quality training, and international networking and collaboration among the participants are also enhanced the online learning. Each course of e-learning takes into consideration the requirements of people participating from developing countries and emerging economies. Basically, the e-learning center is composed of high broadband Wi-Fi complex. Through e-learning and incorporation of compulsory courses such as entrepreneurship, the students are educated on how to fair in job markets and on how to startup businesses. The e-learning course is applied through registration, technical requirements, and profiles of e-course moderators. Once a person has registered, the institution is required to send the password and username of all accepted participants, via email together with other instructions for accessing the course. The course fee should be made before one starts the course. According to Ware (2014), it is evident that e-learning is used in developing the economy by offering e-payment standard services.